Blog Archives

Abstract, Executive Summary, or Introduction? A 3-Question Method for Writing Introductions

The instructions for submitting a paper to your professional organization require that you write a 200-word abstract. Your team’s template for technical reports requires an executive summary. You would like to write an introduction for a paper or report. But what is the difference between an abstract, an executive summary, and an introduction? And how do you write each? In previous blogs, we reviewed a 5-Question Method for Writing Abstracts and a 5-Question Method for Writing Executive Summaries.  Now let’s explore the introduction.

While a short paper/report may require only a one or two-sentence purpose statement, longer papers/reports may require an Introduction—an expanded purpose statement.

A purpose statement describes the paper’s or report’s purpose and scope. For example, “This paper provides an overview of recent online articles and fact sheets about the Ebola virus.”  

In addition to defining purpose and scope, a well-written introduction motivates readers to read the paper/report. By providing context, the introduction prepares readers to focus on, fully understand, and assess the significance of the findings, conclusions, and recommendations you present in the body of the paper/report. To provide context, you clearly explain information such as the following: Read more ›

Share


Abstract, Summary, or Introduction? A 5-Question Method for Writing Executive Summaries

The instructions for submitting a paper to your professional organization require that you write a 200-word abstract. Your team’s template for technical reports requires an executive summary. You would like to write an introduction for a paper or report. But what is the difference between an abstract, an executive summary, and an introduction? And how do you write each? In the previous blog, we reviewed a 5-Question Method for Writing Abstracts.  Now let’s explore the executive summary.

A well-written executive summary (or simply summary) is a succinct, cohesive overview of a business, technical, or scientific investigation, situation, task, or proposal. A summary can serve as the basis for an oral briefing on the findings, situation, or proposed work and as the basis for an abstract.  A summary is written so that interested readers, regardless of technical knowledge, can understand the contents of the paper/report and the relevance of the findings and recommendations. Read more ›

Share


Abstract, Summary, or Introduction? A 5-Question Method for Writing Abstracts

The instructions for submitting a paper to your professional organization require that you write a 200-word abstract. Your team’s template for technical reports requires an executive summary. Or you would like to write an introduction to a paper or report. But what is the difference between an abstract, an executive summary, and an introduction? And how do you write each? Let’s explore the answers to those questions, beginning with the abstract.

A well-written abstract is a succinct, cohesive stand-alone overview or preview of a formal paper or report that allows readers to quickly determine whether the paper/report’s topic and scope are of interest and suit their purposes. The title and abstract differentiate the paper/report from all other papers/reports on the same topic. An abstract is usually one paragraph and contains neither illustrations nor footnotes.

The abstract may be published in a list of papers for a formal professional conference, on a web page to attract readers, or in a database to allow archiving and retrieval. The publishing or archiving organization will typically stipulate the length and style of their abstracts. Their writer’s guide and website will provide examples. A common length is from 150 to 300 words. The style will be informative or indicative: Read more ›

Share


CLARITY CLINIC—2 Tips to Sharpen Pronoun Use

Top-level writers edit carefully before sending email or submitting documents. One area of attention—that the spelling and grammar checker may miss—is effective pronoun use. Using pronouns (such as he/him, she/her, it, we/us, and they/them) can improve sentence flow and cohesion. But careless pronoun use can weaken a message and confuse readers. So that your sentences communicate the emphasis and meaning you intend and can be read once and immediately understood, let’s explore two tips for effective pronoun use:

1.    Use a precise noun to name a person, place, thing, or idea  before replacing the noun with a pronoun.  Repeat nouns you want to emphasize, and re-introduce nouns when you begin a new paragraph. Find a nice balance between never using pronouns (which sounds stilted) and using too many pronouns (which sounds weak). Read more ›

Share


How to Use Your Computer’s Readability Statistics Scores—Grade Level

You’ve enabled your Readability Statistics feature in Microsoft Word’s Spelling and Grammar Checker and evaluated a sample document. But based on your Grade Level scores, what action should you take?

Readability scores are helpful editing tools for writers of too-long sentences. Recall from the Clarity Clinic that our goal is to write sentences that can be read once and immediately understood. Readable documents are more apt to be read in their entirety, and their content is more apt to be remembered. Readability indictors include:

  1. The number of sentences in each paragraph.
  2. The number of words in each sentence.
  3. The number of syllables in each word.

The Spelling and Grammar Checker’s Readability Statistics feature provides Passive Sentences, Reading Ease, and Grade Level scores, which help you gauge the readability level of your documents. A high Passive Sentences or Grade Level score and a low Reading Ease score signal opportunities to edit sentences. Let’s explore the difference between grade/reading level and education level and how to use the Grade Level score: Read more ›

Share


How to Use Your Computer’s Readability Statistics Scores—Reading Ease

You’ve enabled your Readability Statistics feature  in Microsoft Word’s Spelling and Grammar Checker and evaluated a sample document. But based on your Readability scores, what action should you take?

The Spelling and Grammar Checker’s Readability Statistics feature provides Passive Sentences, Reading Ease, and Grade Level scores, which help you gauge the readability level of your documents. Readability scores are especially helpful editing tools for writers of too-long or run-on sentences. Recall from the Clarity Clinic that our goal is to write sentences that can be read once and immediately understood. Readable documents are more apt to be read in their entirety, and their content is more apt to be remembered. Readability indictors include:

  1. The number of sentences in each paragraph.
  2. The number of words in each sentence.
  3. The number of syllables in each word.

The Reading Ease score is on a scale of 0-100%. The higher the score, the easier a document is to read. Let’s explore how to use the Reading Ease score:  Read more ›

Share


How to Use Your Computer’s Readability Statistics Scores—Passive Sentences

You’ve enabled your Readability Statistics feature in Microsoft Word’s Spelling and Grammar Checker and evaluated a sample document. But based on your Readability scores, what action should you take?

Readability scores are especially helpful editing tools for writers of too-long and passive sentences. Recall from the Clarity Clinic that our goal is to write sentences that can be read once and immediately understood. Readable documents are more apt to be read in their entirety, and their content is more apt to be remembered. Readability indictors include:

  1. The number of sentences in each paragraph.
  2. The number of words in each sentence.
  3. The number of syllables in each word.

The Readability Statistics feature provides Passive Sentences, Reading Ease, and Grade Level scores, which help you gauge the readability level of your documents. With this Blog as our case study, let’s explore how to use the Passive Sentences score: Read more ›

Share


16 Frequently Asked Business Writing Questions

1.  When are “state” and “federal” capitalized?  State and federal are capitalized when part of a proper name such as the name of a federal agency or act, etc. (for example Federal Reserve Bank but federal, state, and local laws).  The terms federal government and government (referring specifically to the United States government) are now commonly written in small letters.  In government documents, however, and in other types of communications where these terms are intended to have the force of an official name, they are capitalized. 

2.  How are “I,” “me,” and “myself” used?  Use I as a subject [Louise and I submitted our reports yesterday.] and after than in comparisons or with understood verbs [She is a faster typist than I (am).].  Use me as an object of a verb [Please put Lila and me on the expense account.] and as the object of a preposition [David assigned the project to Sam and me.].  Use myself when I has already been used as the subject—intensively [I, myself, will handle this.] or reflexively [I hurt myself playing tennis.]. 

3.  What is the difference between “than” and “then”?  Than is a conjunction used in comparisons; then (which rhymes with when) is an adverb indicating time [He is older than I am.  I will see you at dinner and return your book then.]. Read more ›

Share